Human Element Essay Example for Free

Human Element Essay This study is related to an important topic that influence the evolution of both public and private institutions via improving human resource management and, hence improving the human resource itself, which occupies a vital and outstanding position in the comprehensive development strategies. Also, because of the role that effective human resource plays in planning and implementing development. Therefore, human element is considered an investment in the bright future of the institutions. Human resource is an innovative element that is described as an interactive rather than a rigid element, which is able to coordinate, maintain a balance between the various constituent of production and take the responsibility for the results of operations. On the other hand, external circumstances, such as the economic, political, social cultural and environmental factors, affect human element more than any other element. The researcher has selected Giad Automobiles Manufacturing Co. LTD, as a case study to introduce the influence of human resource development on employees’ performance. The results have been determined based on the analysis of the employees’ responses to the questionnaire that surveyed the employees’ community in the company. The questionnaire has tested the following hypotheses: 1- There is a relationship between the development of human resource management and the development of the working human element. 2- There is a relationship between the development of the human element and the development and improvement of performance in the institution, which leads to an increase in the production and, hence achieving the objectives. The researcher has applied several methodologies, such as case study methodology, descriptive methodology, and statistical analysis. The researcher has confirmed the validity of all the above hypotheses, in addition to the research outcomes that have led the researcher to conclude the study with some suggestions and recommendations.

Neolithic Pottery :: essays research papers

Neolithic is of or relating to the cultural periods of the Stone Age beginning around 10,000 B.C. in the Middle East and later elsewhere, characterized by the development of agriculture and the making of polished stone artifacts. The Neolithic Period is also called the New Stone Age. Many water pots and ceramic figures were found in the ruins of Neolithic society plots of earth. People of Neolithic times made many artifacts that were symbolic of their ways of life and culture such as water pots, fish, hunting and medical objects. Out of the artifacts found from the Neolithic period, the fish is symbolic to me because of the times spent with my father during fishing trips.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Neolithic Period extended from 10,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C. It is also called the New Stone Age, and many new Advances and changes took place in this time. Unlike the nomadic life of the Old Stone Age, the New Stone Age was the dawning of settled life. People lived more towards lakes and river instead of caves and tree trunks. The change in environment led to the change of jobs, society, and culture. Neolithic everyday objects reveal that fishing and hunting were the main occupations of the people. Neolithic art is represented by a large number of objects found in isolated areas in Eastern Europe, Siberia and Central Asia. Neolithic people decorated clay water vessels in a wide variety of ways that were very large and colorful. They also created bone, horn and wooden figurines of people and animals. The Earliest Neolithic pottery found in Siberia and Central Asia is similar to pottery found in northern Britain, suggesting that early Neolithic colonist may have co me to Ireland from northern Britain. The pottery bowls were made by winding coils of clay in a circle to form the sides of the bowl, smoothing them, and finally firing them on an open fire. After the making of these vessels were mastered, pottery was decorated with dots or lines in the surface of the clay.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neolithic people lived near rivers and lakes. The artifacts and life in the water became and important part of their lives by supporting them with food, cleansing and ceremonial artifacts such as fish and shells. Fishing was an important job, and way of life because the abundance of fish fed entire villages. The fish were appreciated so much to the Neolithic people that they began making clay fish, as a symbol for their way of life.

Vietnam: A Three-Day Tour

Among many beautiful places in the East, Vietnam is one of the must-see countries. Setting foot in this country provides an unforgettable experience.The historic temples, serene beaches, and peaceful countryside are what tourists find most enigmatic. Even the overly populated markets in the country provide travelers with an unforgettable and exciting experience. The sceneries and warmth of the people provide visitors a taste of the local culture and a perception of Asians in general.Vietnam is located in the Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulfs of Thailand and Tonkin, and South China Sea. It is alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia, and very near Thailand so tourists can easily find trips to neighboring countries after enjoying their tour of Vietnam. At present, Vietnam’s population has grown to almost 85 million in 2008 (Population Council).Most people associate Vietnam with wars possibly due to films that feature the Vietnam War. However, Vietnam is more than what we see in fil ms. Contrary to the what others believe regarding the Viet Kong, Vietnamese are peace-loving and warm-hearted people. They are called Vietnamese, which is similar to the official language.There are around 50 tribes which include the Kinh (also known as Viet) who make up the majority of the population, the Tay, Thai, Muong, Khome, Hoa, Nun, Hmong, and others. Aside from the Vietnamese language, English is becoming a popular language especially among the younger people. Some can speak French, Chinese, and Kmer while dialects among the natives in the mountain areas include Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian.When planning to visit Vietnam, most visitors need to apply for a tourist visa in advance. Vietnamese visa is inexpensive at the rate of USD 40-80 when applying directly to the Embassy. Another way to apply for visa is upon arrival in Hanoi, but this requires a pre-arranged application with the Hanoi Immigration Department. To do away from the hassles, it is recommended to obtain visa a week or two before the trip.Throughout the country the average temperature is between 21 and 23 degrees Celsius. During summer, the average temperature is 28 degrees Celsius. Rainy season starts from May and it ends in October. At its peak, some lowlands are affected by flood, so it is best to visit either in summer or autumn.If one wants to witness the rich culture of the Vietnamese, the best time is during the traditional Vietnamese Tet (Lunar New Year). Tet is a week long festival and is the most important festival of the year usually every last week or January or early February.As expected, prices during this time are raised radically, and most of the locals are on holiday so business is typically paralyzed, with some hotels, transportation companies and restaurants closed down. Therefore, those who prefer to travel around this period should have a well-organized trip with a tourist company. Otherwise, it will be difficult to go around without a good companion.When making a sh ort visit to Vietnam, visitors have at least three choices. For those who love the city, the best place to go is Ho Chi Minh (formerly known as Saigon). There, one will experience Asian nightlife at its best. Those who are after relaxation and peace must see Hanoi and Halong Bay; while those who are after adventure and exploring nature should try Sapa and Mekong Delta River.

Native American Folklore As Mythology Essay - 1066 Words

Throughout history, and all over the world, mythology has been developed as a way of explaining the unknown and coping with one’s existence. Why does the sun shine? Well, seemingly, to generations past, something is controlling the universe, so there must be a god in charge of the sun and many other natural phenomenon. During the creation of Native American myths, â€Å"there was much in the way of free-range food, but hunting wasnt as easy as getting up in the morning, taking a stroll and shooting a few passing bison with your bow† (Godchecker). Times were tough, â€Å"even Plains societies who lived off the prolific buffalo fell under the threat of starvation at times† (Godchecker). Finally, â€Å"when herds were found, the people were grateful and†¦show more content†¦The Native American Trickster is usually described as a character that â€Å"is a wandering, bawdy, gluttonous, and obscene† (72). The Trickster is â€Å"usually male but able t o alter his sex at will,† he â€Å"may copulate with his daughter or daughter–in-law or send his penis swimming across rivers in search of sexual adventure† (72). He is often characterized as being â€Å"selfish, amoral, foolish, destructive, and as his name indicates, given to duping others in his own interest† (72). However, the trickster â€Å"is also a culture hero, someone often with godlike power who long, long ago helped to establish the order of the world that we know today† (72). Though, his folly caused him to forget his purpose of ridding the earth of evil entities, he is still a staple in Native American tales. Every tribe has their own version of the trickster! The Winnebego trickster, also known as Wakjankaga, was â€Å"sent to instruct or destroy monsters who would be harmful to the people (a mission he foolishly forgets)† (73). He fails his mission because he becomes too consumed with â€Å"The people†¦These who walk on two legs, because he was fascinated by them† and so, â€Å"he started to tease them† (77). Consequently, â€Å"Whatever he was doing†¦He forgot about it, and then all over the earth he went traveling† (77). While traveling, Wakjankaga learns a very valuable lesson in mocking nature. He, indignantly, devours a bulb after being warned that it would cause him to defecate. Before long, â€Å"he began to break wind†Show MoreRelatedAustralian And Native American History1472 Words   |  6 Pagesvastly different regions and cultures of the world, Australian and Native American mythologies have more in common than people initially realize. Both span thousands of years of traditional lifestyles, having developed unique folklore in order to preserve their cultures. Australian mythology has a slightly less severe tone, having written their myths in order to record them in the aftermath of colonization, while Native Americans feel a religious reverence for the t ales because they view their storiesRead MoreTrickster-God-Creator1433 Words   |  6 PagesTricksters appear in the mythology and folklore of many cultures around the world. Although the power and relative divinity of each Trickster varies from tradition to tradition, Tricksters have important roles in the creation, development, and sometimes destruction, of each culture. The Coyote of Native North American traditions is often depicted as assisting the â€Å"Great Mystery† or â€Å"Great Spirit† in the creating and populating of the world (Leeming). In the Greek myths Hermes is initially a sly infantRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Marchers Of The Night 1726 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the world who have similar spirits, I will attempt to demonstrate that these ghosts are more fact than fiction. Hawaii has a rich background of folklores and mythology and it’s link to the past in ever present. Stories of the Night Marchers were first written about in the late 1900’s but they were orally passed down long before that. Their native name is Huaka’ipo, but was translated to english as the Night Marchers. The term derives from the two words, huaka’i which means to travel with purposeRead MoreCoyote and Bear1478 Words   |  6 PagesThe Native American tale of Coyote and Bear, originally translated from oral tradition in nineteen six by G. A. Dorsey in the book The Pawnee, Mythology, Part I, tells us the story of Coyote who accidentally meets Bear, and in order to protect himself from being killed by Bear, starts to make up self praising stories to impress Bear. Eventually, Coyote convinces Bear, but after a few hesitant moves, Bear realizes that Coyote was lying. The tale then, ends up with the murder of Coyote by Bear. TheRead MoreThe Earth on Turtle Back and the Navajo Origin Legend1335 Words   |  6 PagesNavajo Origin Legend Native Americans have great respect for the natural world. They believe that each creature has its own power by which it maintains itself and affects others. Each Native American culture has its own name for this power, but many Native American cultures recognize a Great Spirit- an invisible power that is the source of life and good for humans. Many of the animals that helped feed and clothe the Native Americans are also highly revered. Native American folklore, much of which portraysRead MoreWhen It Comes To Folktales, Fairytales, Legends, Myths,1733 Words   |  7 Pagesof a dime. I know a few from Asia, like â€Å"Father Frost† (a Russian tale) and â€Å"The Stonecutter† (a Chinese tale). I am even familiar with a few stories originating in the native civilizations of Africa, like â€Å"The Egyptian Cinderella†, and Australia, like the stories of a creature called a â€Å"Bunyip†. However, when it comes to American (North or South), I can come up with only a few from the South, such as mermaid legends,and only two from the North that did not take place after colonization. The majorityRead MoreYeats And The Irish Literary Revival889 Words   |  4 Pagesboth rich in Irish folklore as well as political themes. William Butler Yeats was one of the most prolific authors of the revival. He was born in Dublin in 1865, son of a distinguished painter. He spent much of his childhood in County Siglo, which is where he developed an interest in the romantic images of country life. As he grew, he attended school in London and Dublin and took an interest in literature and writing. His mentors, O’Leary and O’Grady, opened up a world of native Irish literature toRead MoreMardigras1558 Words   |  7 Pagesa New Year. (The Folklore of American Holidays pg. 84-97) In England, football games were played on shrove Tuesday, ritualistic contests embodying the conflict between winter and summer, darkness and light , death and rebirth. Traditional food for this holiday includes thick soups of pigs feet, beans, peas, and pancakes. In fact Pancake Day is another name for Shrove Tuesday. Carnival season begins on Twelfth Night and ends at Midnight on Mardi Gras.(The Folklore of American Holidays pg. 84-97)Read More Mardi Gras Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages(The Folklore of American Holidays pg. 84-97)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In England, football games were played on shrove Tuesday, ritualistic contests embodying the conflict between winter and summer, darkness and light , death and rebirth. Traditional food for this holiday includes thick soups of pigs feet, beans, peas, and pancakes. In fact ?Pancake Day? is another name for Shrove Tuesday. Carnival season begins on Twelfth Night and ends at Midnight on Mardi Gras.(The Folklore of American HolidaysRead MoreI Know Who You Are And I Saw What You Did By Lori Field889 Words   |  4 Pagesreflects in her work. By creating anthropomorphic hybrids between animals and human beings incorporates symbolism and motifs. Using ancient mythology and Native American totem symbolism, she incorporates this into her work to create beautiful depictions of storytelling, contemporary mythology and surrealistic images. Lori Fields creations bring visual folklore and fantasy to real world situations and events. She will continue to intrigue the art world.

Bill of Rights Amendments - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1192 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Topics: America Essay Human Rights Essay Did you like this example? Frisk and seizure. This amendment, according to the Fourth Amendment, is all about: people’s right to security, protection from unreasonable searches and seizures, no violation, and that warrants should only be issued upon probable causes. Many scholars taking constitution consider this as the most freedom which has been ensured by the Bill of rights in comparison to all other freedoms. Without this protection, other important liberties like freedom of press, speech and religion could not be of existence. This right was drawn from the British experience of the 1600s and 1700s. It was at that time, when officials conducted unreasonable searches on private or individual residences. This was under the general warrants which had no specification on what had to be searched or seized. In this amendment, the framers expressed the British government’s policy of utilization of general warrants to justify searching the subjects. According to the modern c ourt, all searches that have not been conducted by the judicial process, and with no judges or magistrates approval, are not reasonable. This is subject to few and delineated exceptions (Katz v. United States, 1967). A probable cause to intrude with someone’s privacy only exists when an enforcement officer, in possession of facts of a case, believes that a person has committed a certain crime. The stop and frisk program allows police to stop people when they have reasonable prove that a crime has or is about to take place. In such a case, it’s the officer’s duty to seek support from a judge or a magistrate who will issue him with a warrant. Personal privacy is essential or in other words, the right to be left alone (Justice Louis D). In most cases, the stop and frisk policy is not done in a discriminatory manner. Capital punishment and you. The cruel and unusual punishment clause, according to the eighth amendment, unusual punishments should be infli cted. It was in the late 1700s, when the authorization of death penalty for certain crimes like rape, robbery, forgery and adultery took place in many states. As time passed by, reform of the criminal law took place, and some states reduced and some went to the extent of eliminating the death eligible crimes. Rape and robbery are the most death eligible crimes. Death is in most cases done by hanging. This amendment is neither precise nor static. It’s perceived that its meaning is derived from the improvement of standards which show how the society is maturing progressively (Chief Justice Earl Warren 1958). The state should not inflict capital punishment, even I cases where the offense is so grave. This should only happen if it is the only perceived measure to prevent another similar crime from taking place (Professor George). Failure to execute offenders in cases where this would bring maximum protection to the commonwealth would mean the sates failure to perform its dutie s. As one Archbishop Fulton once said that, to not impose just punishment is cowardice and not mercy as many people would tend to think. In my opinion, I think death penalty should be abolished as there will forever be cases where execution of innocent people is done no matter how good the justice system is. It also violates the right to life which happens to be the most basic. This capital punishment undermines the human dignity which is very essential to all persons. There exist more effective measures to prevent crime rather than execution. Right to privacy Personal freedom When unauthorized invasion of a person’s general right to privacy in emotional and sensational cases take place, which results to violation of an essential right of liberty. For the progression of modern privacy doctrine, this lead to personal injury which is legally wrong (Warren and Brandeis, 1890). It is believed that privacy goes beyond property to individuals. Women have a right to u se of contraception and family planning techniques as all these are legalized. Griswold constitutional right to privacy was so limited since it only applied in the marital bedroom cases. This means that those that are single do not have rights to receive contraceptives. In my opinion, if the right of privacy has a meaning, it’s an individual’s right, whether married or single, to have privacy. This means that a woman should not be subjected to unwarranted intrusion, involving matters that are so essential and affecting her decision about her bearing or begetting a child. It is seized that most people tend to give much importance on the sexual liberty idea and not ones personal privacy. Adultery, homosexuality and fornication should be always immune from criminal questioning. Couples intimacy in marriage institution is very essential and therefore, the state should not only allow it, but also foster and protect it. (Harlan) The court also sustains that a woman should have consent to go through an abortion and that she should have assurance that everything will remain confidential between her and her doctor. The right to personal privacy is so broad that it encompasses the decision of a woman on whether to keep or terminate pregnancy. Discrimination and the future of marriage. Equality is a fundamental right which is so basic in the American social and political culture. The constitution states that there should be equal protection of rights and therefore no person should be denied that. The equal protection clause describes that everyone born or naturalized is a citizen in the State where he/she resides in. Therefore, there should be no enforcement of any type of law which would deprive them of the privileges of the States. There should be no State abridging people of their liberty or life without involving the law during that process. The modern constitution is so into sexual equality among men and women. This is seen in cases where j ob opportunities do not depend on a person’s sexuality. Most State unions also have women as their leaders as there are equal opportunities on both sexual genders. Racism also affects equality thus leading to discrimination. The constitution has equal rights between the blacks and the whites in America. Racism is done through identification of where a person comes from and therefore judgments are easily made. This lead to â€Å"otherness† a condition in which one feels that he/she doesn’t belong in a certain place. Defense of marriage act mandates discrimination of legally married couples of same sex. When it comes to DOMA, same sex couples do not have important protections which include medical leave and they are unfairly taxed when they put resources together as a family. For relief of same sex couples marriages to be achieved, the government must intervene by respecting all marriages in the States. Every married couple should have equal rights from the federal government in spite of where they live or come from. References Ford, James (2012) Stop And Frisk: How Controversial NYPD Practice Affects Real People. John R. Quinn, Archbishop of San Fransisco ( 1989). Abortion: The Axe at the Root Of All Human Rights. Jeffrey, Don; Dolmetsch, Chris (2012). Defense of Marriage Act Unconstitutional, Appeals Court Says. J. Blume, Michigan Law Review (2005) â€Å"Killing the willing: Volunteers, Suicide and Competency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bill of Rights Amendments" essay for you Create order

The Drinking Age Of The United States Essay - 1599 Words

By the age of twenty-one, most people have at some point consumed an alcoholic beverage. For others, turning twenty-one might mean a whole new world of freedom. Young teens and adults drink for many reasons. Teens may drink because of peer pressure, others because of pure enjoyment, and many for of the thrill of breaking the law. Before the 1980’s, the legal drinking age was eighteen. This would only make sense because at this age a person is declared an adult. Many are in favor of keeping the drinking age at twenty-one for reasons such as vehicle accidents, while others disagree for good reasons. The drinking age in the U.S. is unjust: at the age of eighteen a person can serve in the military, vote, and take legal action, but cannot consume alcohol. In 1984, president Ronald Reagan signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act (McCardell 75). This set the legal drinking age officially to twenty-one. This act was put into order to reduce drunk driving and vehicle accidents. Whi le all of this may be true, times have changed and there is more to consider. Automobiles are now safer with seat belts, airbags and other technological advances. Author John J. Miller states that â€Å"Many politicians and lobbyists find the legal drinking age of twenty-one to be a great success, praising it for reducing drunk driving fatalities without considering that other factors, such as seat belt laws and safer cars, have helped† (Miller 25). These advancements should be kept in mind when comparingShow MoreRelatedThe Drinking Age Of The United States1333 Words   |  6 Pagesper hour, a truck smashes into a nearby Honda. The impact causes the death of two innocent conductors who had their lives grasped from them by a 17-year-old girl who was intoxicated. Even though the legal age to start drinking in the United States is twenty-one, most teenagers tend to start drinking beforehand. These teenagers drink more heavily than adults do; therefore, developmental issues tend to be a factor that may affect a teenager’s system if they drink throughout their lifespan. Although teenagersRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore when they went out drinking. It is a common fact that most teenagers have had a drink of alcohol before their twenty-first birthday. Most teenagers drink regularly or in some cases, binge drink. Nobody can prevent underage drinking. When people tell a teenagers they cannot have something, it inclines them to want it even more and teenagers will go to extreme lengths to obtain it. In 1984, Congress passed the law stating the legal drinking age in the United States was twenty-one (Alcoholism)Read MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States965 Words   |  4 Pag es In the United States, when a man or women turn eighteen they are considered an adult. Being eighteen, they are not acknowledged as teenagers anymore. They have more freedom and more opportunities to become independent. Some of the opportunities an eighteen years old are given are the right to vote, open bank accounts, lease their own apartment or join the military. They have equal opportunities like adults over the age of twenty-one. However, anyone between the age of eighteen through twenty areRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1270 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the world, the age when a child becomes an adult is at the age 18. Most people gain the right to vote, start to work for themselves, drive in certain countries. All of this being said, an additional privilege is the ability for one to be able to legally drink. The United States is one of the only countries who ´s legal drinking age is separate from the declared age of an official adult under the law. The idea of putting restrictions on a â€Å"legal† adult, makes the issue more complicatedRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal drinking age in the United States was ruled to be 21 in 1984, setting the country apart from almost all other western nations. These past 30 years have contained as much problems regarding the consumption of alcohol as one of the country’s biggest failures ever, the 18th amendment, otherwise known as prohibition. Also, the legal drinking age in the United States can be considered violation of states liberties, as the national government, albeit with good intentions, has intervened and onlyRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pageslegal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducted and o pinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wagenaar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of the states changedRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1345 Words   |  6 PagesWith food, there comes a variety of cultural differences with beverages. One of the most popular drink markets in the United States is energy drinks. This industry has grown significantly in the past ten years, and many of the companies are household names, such as Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar Energy. While they have mainstream success in the United States, many countries look down on these products because of their use of certain supplements, such as excess amounts of caffeine of taurine. SomeRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States920 Words   |  4 Pages The legal drinking age has always been a debatable topic that people argue about all the time. Alcohol has been a drug problem for the majority of our young adults all around the world. The goal is to decrease the effects of underage drinking In the United States by keeping the legal drinking law 21. Every state had the right to their own legal drinking age, therefore during the 1970 1980’s some states had 21 while others had 18. This problem was carried over when teenagers got behindRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States2408 Words   |  10 PagesThe Legal Drinking Age The legal drinking age in the United States is 21, while in other countries the legal age ranges from 16-18. The argument in the United States is, â€Å"Should the United States lower its drinking age?† There are many sides to this argument but research has given many good points to back up both sides of the question. First issue is the difference between a teen’s brain with alcohol and an adult’s brain with alcohol. Another concern is that drinking at a younger age can help teachRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1783 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive-Research Essay The legal drinking age in the United States is 21, while in other countries the legal age ranges from 16-18. The argument in the United States is â€Å"Should the United States lower its drinking age?† There are many sides to this argument but research has given many good points to back up both sides of the question. First thing is the difference between a teen’s brain with alcohol and an adult’s brain with alcohol. Another thing is drinking at a younger age can help teach culture. Lastly

Nonverbal Communication a Serious Business Advantage Free Essays

string(48) " necessary to understand in a business setting\." Business Advantage 2 Nonverbal Communication: A Serious Business Advantage Whether it is called intuition or just good judgment, the ability to perceive and to use nonverbal cues to one’s advantage gives the business person the power and the skill to be more successful. T. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Nonverbal Communication: a Serious Business Advantage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Eliot wrote in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, â€Å"There will be time, there will be time / To prepare a face to meet the faces that you meet. † Perhaps he meant that those in business must be prepared in such a way as to make their face agree with the message that the consumer expects to receive. The communication experts agree that when two people have a face-to-face conversation only a small fraction of the total message they share is actually contained in the words they use. A portion of the message is contained in the tone of voice, accent, speed, volume, and inflection. However, approximately 93 percent of it is understood through nonverbal communication behaviors (Source needed). The combination of gestures, postures, facial expressions, and even clothing can support or interfere with the verbal messages that a person delivers. The importance of nonverbal cues in the business world has not been studied extensively, but it only makes sense that it can have a strong impact on any communication within or outside the business realm. For instance, selling is an area where the nonverbal actions can make or break a deal. People are unlikely to want to buy from a sales person who refuses to make eye contact, who has poor posture, who lacks energy, and who seems unconvinced about the products and services represented. The importance of nonverbal communication in conjunction with appropriate verbal skills can make a difference to the success of a business transaction. Therefore, this paper will Business Advantage 3 examine nonverbal communication as an important and integral component for business organizations and will determine nonverbal cues that are beneficial for successful business interactions. The ability to perceive and use nonverbal cues to one’s advantage gives the business person the power to be successful. Nonverbal communication includes any part of the body used by a person to send a message to another person. A person’s dress, attitude and movements are all contributions to personal business transactions. Sentence and Verbal Communication iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/sentence-and-verbal-communication/embed/#?secret=C9wtvGSQ7g" data-secret="C9wtvGSQ7g" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Sentence and Verbal Communication#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe These cues can help a business owner get the message across or be able to correctly interpret a message received from a customer. Often the nonverbal messages express true feelings more accurately than the actual words. A study by Fatt (1998), notes that any communication in interpersonal relationships is insufficient with just mere words (p. 1). Consequently, he states, â€Å"Nonverbal communication thus becomes the yardstick against which words and intentions are measured† (p. 1). The most common use of nonverbal communication in business has been in marketing research. It is used to determine consumers’ attitudes towards new products. For example, executives watching a focus test group pay more attention to the nonverbal cues of the group. They are able to more closely identify the test group’s true feelings by observing their body language, facial expressions and eye contact. Facial expressions especially are particularly helpful as they can show hidden emotions that contradict their verbal statements (Remland, 1981, p. 18). Additionally, in business settings, the way one is viewed affects his transactions. Martin Remland (1981) writes that as much as 90 percent of a manager’s time is spent Business Advantage 4 communicating with others face-to-face (p. 2). Therefore, business people especially managers have to present themselves as a complete package that includes knowledge of their products, appropriate dress, and adequate use of nonverbal behaviors that depicts sincerity and trustworthiness. Nonverbal behavior is a major component of power perception in a business setting. Within a business, the main function of nonverbal communication is to facilitate relationships. Organizations have two major sectors—management and staff—who are usually at odds with each other. According to Aguinis and Henle (2001), â€Å"The effective use of power and the perceptions of one’s power by subordinates, peers and superiors are critical determinants of managerial and organizational success† (p. 537). In this study on perception of power bases, Aquinis and Henle used three specific nonverbal behaviors—eye contact, facial expression, and body posture (p. 538). They defined power as the â€Å"potential of an agent to alter a target’s behavior, intentions, attitude, beliefs, emotion, or values† (p. 538). They also used French and Raven’s power taxonomy that includes five types (p. 538). The first is reward power that means the target believes he can get â€Å"something† from the agent. Second is the coercive power where the target thinks the agent can and will punish him. The third power is legitimate power where the target must obey what the agent requests. Referent power is the need for the target to be associated with the agent. Lastly, the expert power is the target’s belief that the agent is very knowledgeable. Using these definitions of power in vignettes, Aguinis and Henle manipulated one employee’s nonverbal behavior while asking a second employee to rate the power base. Business Advantage 5 They found that direct eye contact and a relaxed facial expression increased perception of power except for coercive power. Body posture had no effect at all. There are other less sophisticated indicators that also signify status. These include behaviors and appearance cues such as clothing, age, gender, and race. In a study by Mast and Hall (2004), the accuracy of judging other people’s status based on behavioral and appearance cues was investigated. They found that only one cue was used to determine if a woman was in higher status. That was a downward head tilt. In males, the observers used both formal dress and a forward lean (p. 161). Mast and Hall also indicated that erect posture was not indicative of status in their research (p. 161). Communication experts agree that in face-to-face communication 93 percent of the message is nonverbal and only seven percent is in the actual words which is absolutely necessary to understand in a business setting. You read "Nonverbal Communication: a Serious Business Advantage" in category "Papers" Garside and Kleiner (1991) state, â€Å"This implies that what we say is not as important as how we say it† (p. 26). Today’s businesses need employees who are not only knowledgeable in their field but who also have exceptional interpersonal skills. It is understood that most successful executives prefer verbal communication because it allows them to read body language and to hear tone of voice. Fatt (1998) believes that knowledge of nonverbal processes of communication can improve business success. According to Fatt, â€Å"†¦face-to-face communication, which is heavily weighted with nonverbal information stimulates the greatest number of senses, and provides more complete information than any other mode† (p. ). Business Advantage 6 Since knowledge of nonverbal processes can enhance business success, it is important to recognize and use appropriate nonverbal cues. The first of these is face-to-face communication which provides immediate feedback that allows the business person to modify one’s approach to meet the needs of each encounter. In a research study by Graham, Unruh , and Jennings (1991), they gathered information on the importance of nonverbal feedback to accurate assessments in business transactions. Their findings indicated that nonverbal communication was important to all surveyed and showed that most relied on facial expressions for accurate information. Their recommendations for businesses included, â€Å"†¦paying more attention to nonverbal cues, engaging in more eye contact, and probing for more information when verbal and nonverbal cues are discrepant† (p. 60). One way to do so is through reinforcement behavior that demonstrates approval or disapproval. Also, response-matching is a way in which the business person uses a similar style of speech, posture, or gestures. Thirdly, accommodation is a way of adjusting to personal styles of those involved. It involves â€Å"issues of territoriality, dominance and/or submissiveness, and intimacy† (Fatt, 1998, p. 5). Professionals must use this feedback to note the body language to modify and adjust to the receiver’s behaviors. Another factor to consider is that face-to-face also allows a portion of the message to be contained in vocal elements. These include tone of voice, speed, volume and inflection (Graham et al. , p. 58). Establishing rapport is also a valuable result of face-to-face communication. Rapport is essential in building good business relations with customers and co-workers. It helps Business Advantage 7 to communicate understanding and acceptance of the other person. There are behaviors that greatly contribute to establishing a personal relationship. These include: a sincere smile, a relaxed open stance, a slight lean towards the other person, and maintained eye contact. Mirroring is a very useful technique that can send as well as receive subtle nonverbal messages. In order to mirror another person, it is necessary to match their rate of breathing, speak at the same rate of speech and in their tone of voice. It is also necessary to assume a similar posture and body language to confirm rapport and a comfortable environment. According to Fatt, â€Å"A salesperson who mirror customer’s behavior well and out of a sincere desire to communicate or to be of service usually established a strong rapport with a customer† (p. 6). A business person also utilizes information from nonverbal sources to overcome any barriers to communication with clients. Effective communication is an important aspect of management and sales positions. By decoding nonverbal behaviors, business people can increase their knowledge and understanding of what the client desires. In the first initial contact first impressions can affect both sides of the business transaction. Therefore, a a person who displays confidence has a great advantage in developing rapport and trust with business associates. One’s ability to signal trustworthiness is a significant result of knowledge of nonverbal communication. In a research study conducted by Wood (2006), the findings were that â€Å"nonverbal signals are a particularly important mode of communication between the sender and receiver† (p. 02). Wood also stated that there is an â€Å"importance of the immediate encounter between salespeople and Business Advantage 8 customers. During the first encounter, these nonverbal signals are sought out, perceived, and used by customers in their assessment of the trustworthiness of salespeople† (p. 202). Therefore, by using and focusing o n nonverbal techniques, the business person can give signals of trustworthiness. Additionally, Wood found that for salespeople all nonverbal signals have a significant impact on the customers (p. 202). Along with confidence, the business person must have an adequate knowledge of reading nonverbal signals. For those with confidence, this type of communication is very natural and they give little thought to it. They greet customers and associates with a firm handshake that send a statement about their confidence. In addition, unflinching eye contact is a sign of frankness and interest which are both essential to sway and sell. David Morand (2001) presented research that suggested management also needed to be able to appraise emotional expressions of customers. He stated, â€Å"Sensing others’ emotional states is obviously a skill central to the whole notion of interpersonal communicative competency† (p. 23). He found that it was essential for â€Å"managers to have the ability to decode messages sent by others, specifically focusing on messages existing at a nonverbal emotional level† (p. 23). There are also nontraditional uses of nonverbal communication in the business setting. For instance, the business facility makes a visible statement that reflects its own perceptions. It makes a visible statement about its culture and the way business is done at that facility. One example of this is the head-quarters of Bank of America. It is a very dark, large structure that looms over all the other buildings near it. This sends a powerful message of the perceptions of their company image (Fatt, 1998, p. 2). Larson and Kleiner Business Advantage 9 (2004) claim, â€Å"A company with a strong culture and a lot of pride in itself will typically reflect that pride through its physical environment† (p. 2). Additionally, the office furnishings give more information to customers. The furniture of employees gives clues as to the status of that person in the company. If one is on the bottom of the work hierarchy, there probably would be a small, cheaply-made desk with a small chair. The next class would add arms to the chair and some other piece of furniture. Management would have larger desks, a bookshelf and a table. Finally, the top executives would have plush carpeting and a sofa in addition to what those below had (p. 2). Included in the physical aspects of a business is the office environment. Businesses that are more open with very few walls rely on constant communication. They send the message that there are few barriers to communication. They physical aspects of a business help customers to gain insight into the organization and to the people who work within it (Larson Kleiner, p. 3). Another nontraditional use of nonverbal communication in the business setting is through the use of computers with growing online businesses. Online businesses are at a disadvantage without the assistance of nonverbal interactions. However, according to Timothy Bickmore (2004), there is a huge need for programs that recognize and receive nonverbal signals in order to increase sales volume (p. 9). In addition, many companies are utilizing text messaging and instant messaging for customer assistance. Qiu and Benbasat (2005) investigated advancement for programming to develop a trust relationship since this medium is void of any nonverbal signals (p. 75). They state, â€Å"With the help of emerging multimedia technologies, companies can now use computer- Business Advantage 10 generated voice and humanoid avatars to embody customer servic e representatives, thus enriching the interactive experiences of their customers† (p. 75). Bickmore adds, â€Å"Embodied conversational agents (ECAs) are animated humanoid computer characters that emulate face-to-face conversations through the use of hand gestures, facial display, head motion, gaze behavior, body posture, and speech intonation† (p. 39). However, Bickmore also states, â€Å"There is no cookbook defining all of the rules for human face-to-face interaction that human-computer interface practitioners can simply implement† (p. 44). Until ECAs are fully functioning, companies should continue with the proven face-to-face interactions to improve sales volume. Because businesses try to eliminate unnecessary travel and expenses, they are utilizing such mediums as videoconferencing. Even though videoconferencing can replace business meetings, there are disadvantages. The immediate feedback that comes with face-to-face contains cues from the facial expression, voice inflection, and gestures is often not as effective with videoconferencing. For instance, Bekkering and Shim (2006) state, â€Å"With a slow signal, it may appear to the viewer that the speaker hesitates, and hesitation in answering is generally considered to be a sign of dishonesty† (p. 105). Another concern is that the camera used can be manipulated to improve one’s advantage such as making one appear taller and giving more influence over the meeting. A third concern involves turn-taking cues. â€Å"In face-to-face conversations, participants alternate speaking and listening by using an intricate mechanism of verbal and nonverbal cues† (p. 105). These researchers go on to say that in videoconferencing one gives up eye contact because it is distorted by separation of screen and camera (p. 105). This infers Business Advantage 11 that perhaps the speaker is being deceptive, and, thus, there is a lack of trust. Therefore, business people will find face-to-face communication a better source of feedback as well as a better rapport builder. Ralph Waldo Emerson said, â€Å"What you do speaks so loud that I cannot hear what you say† (Inspirational Quotes). This has never been truer than in today’s business world. There is a vital link between nonverbal communication and business success. Because of this, body language and other nonverbal cues are communication tools that are too powerful to be ignored. Nonverbal communication can enhance a business person’s powers to persuade while removing any communication barriers with clients. It can improve relationships between the work hierarchies, thus changing the work atmosphere to be more productive. Additionally, it can serve in a nontraditional manner where the business facility itself makes a statement about the company image. The uses of understanding nonverbal communication in a work environment are endless. Therefore, there is still a definite need for training in this area for all employees of a business. This training would complete the business person’s package that includes required knowledge of the business represented, charisma, and employability skills. In conclusion, since effective communication is based on skills, and skills can be learned, then communication abilities can be improved in the business environment. It is an integral part of hearing what is said in a business transaction. Business Advantage 12 References Aguinis, H. , Henle, C. (2001). Effects of nonverbal behavior on perceptions of a female employee’s power base. Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 537-549. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (6002448). Bekkering, E. , Shim, J. P. (2006). i2i Trust in videoconferencing. Communications of the ACM, 49(7), 103-107. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (21469769). Bickmore, T. W. (2004). Unspoken rules of spoken interactions. Communications of the ACM, 47(4), 38-44. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (12713418). Fatt, J. P. (1998). Nonverbal communication and business success. Management Research News, 21(4/5), 1-8. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from Proquest database (295500641). Garside, S. G. , Kleiner, B. H. (1991). Effective one-to-one communication skills. Industrial and Commercial Training, 23(7), 24-27. Retrieved April 12, 2007, From EBSCOhost database (4636901). Graham, G. H. Unruh, J. , Jennings, P. (1991). The impact of nonverbal communication in organizations: A survey of perceptions. Journal of Business Communication, 28(1), 45-62. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (5765878). Inspirational quotes for business and work: Nonverbal communication. Retrieved March 18, 2007 from http://humanresources. about. com/od/interpersonalcommunicatio1/ Busi ness Advantage 13 a/quotes_nonverb. htm Larson, J. , Kleiner B. (2004). How to read nonverbal communication in organizations. Management Research News, 27(4/5), 17-22. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from Proquest database (656765051). Mast, M. S. , Hall, J. A. (2004). Who is the boss and who is not? accuracy of judging status. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 28(3), 145-165. Morand, D. A. (2001). The emotional intelligence of managers: Assessing the construct validity of a nonverbal measure of â€Å"people skills†. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(1), 21-33. Qiu, L. , Benbasat, I. (2005). Online consumer trust and live help interfaces: The effects of test-to-speech voice and three-dimensional avatars. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 19(1), 75-94. Retrieved March 7, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (18324428). Remland, M. (1981). Developing leadership skills in nonverbal communication: A situational perspective. Journal of Business Communication, 18(3), 18-29. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from EBSCOhost database (5765673). Wood, J. A. (2006). NLP revisited: nonverbal communications and signals of trustworthiness. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Manage ment, 26(2), 197-204. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from EBSCOhost database (6456374). Business Advantage 1 Nonverbal Communication: A Serious Business Advantage Wesley George Nonverbal Communication Dr. Lynn Meade April 27, 2007 How to cite Nonverbal Communication: a Serious Business Advantage, Papers